History of the Libby Family Kings Ferry, Fl

In that location take been 61 monarchs of England and Britain spread over a period of approximately 1200 years.

English Kings

SAXON KINGS

EGBERT 827 – 839
Egbert (Ecgherht) was the get-go monarch to establish a stable and all-encompassing rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. Afterward returning from exile at the court of Charlemagne in 802, he regained his kingdom of Wessex. Following his conquest of Mercia in 827, he controlled all of England southward of the Humber. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda (Anglo-Saxon, "ruler of the British"). A year before he died aged virtually lxx, he defeated a combined force of Danes and Cornish at Hingston Down in Cornwall. He is cached at Winchester in Hampshire.

AETHELWULF 839 – 858
King of Wessex, son of Egbert and male parent of Alfred the Smashing. In 851 Aethelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley while his eldest son Aethelstan fought and defeated a Viking armada off the declension of Kent, in what is believed to be "the starting time naval battle in recorded English history". A highly religious human, Athelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to meet the Pope in 855.

Pictured above: Aethelwulf

AETHELBALD 858 – 860
The 2d son of Aethelwulf, Æthelbald was born around 834. He was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames in southwest London, after forcing his father to abdicate upon his return from pilgrimage to Rome. Following his male parent'southward death in 858, he married his widowed stepmother Judith, only under pressure from the church building the spousal relationship was annulled after only a year. He is buried at Sherbourne Abbey in Dorset.

AETHELBERT 860 – 866
Became king post-obit the death of his blood brother Æthelbald. Like his brother and his father, Aethelbert (pictured to the right) was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames. Shortly later on his succession a Danish regular army landed and sacked Winchester before existence defeated by the Saxons. In 865 the Viking Great Infidel Army landed in East Anglia and swept across England. He is cached at Sherborne Abbey.

AETHELRED I 866 – 871
Aethelred succeeded his blood brother Aethelbert. His reign was 1 long struggle with the Danes who had occupied York in 866, establishing the Viking kingdom of Yorvik. When the Danish Army moved s Wessex itself was threatened, so together with his brother Alfred, they fought several battles with the Vikings at Reading, Ashdown and Basing. Aethelred suffered serious injuries during the next major boxing at Meretun in Hampshire; he died of his wounds soon subsequently at Witchampton in Dorset, where he was buried.

ALFRED THE GREAT 871 – 899 – son of AETHELWULF
Born at Wantage in Berkshire around 849, Alfred was well educated and is said to take visited Rome on 2 occasions. He had proven himself to exist a strong leader in many battles, and every bit a wise ruler managed to secure five uneasy years of peace with the Danes, earlier they attacked Wessex once more in 877. Alfred was forced to retreat to a small isle in the Somerset Levels and information technology was from hither that he masterminded his comeback, perhaps 'burning the cakes' every bit a result. With major victories at Edington, Rochester and London, Alfred established Saxon Christian dominion over first Wessex, and and then on to about of England. To secure his hard won boundaries Alfred founded a permanent army and an embryonic Royal Navy. To secure his place in history, he began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.

EDWARD (The Elder) 899 – 924
Succeeded his begetter Alfred the Great. Edward retook southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes. Post-obit the death of his sis Aethelflaed of Mercia, Edward unites the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia. In 923, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles record that the Scottish King Constantine II recognises Edward equally "father and lord". The following yr, Edward is killed in a battle against the Welsh virtually Chester. His body is returned to Winchester for burial.

ATHELSTAN 924 – 939
Son of Edward the Elder, Athelstan extended the boundaries of his kingdom at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. In what is said to be 1 of the bloodiest battles ever fought on British soil, Athelstan defeated a combined ground forces of Scots, Celts, Danes and Vikings, claiming the championship of Male monarch of all Uk. The battle saw for the first time individual Anglo-Saxon kingdoms being brought together to create a single and unified England. Athelstan is buried in Malmesbury, Wiltshire.

EDMUND 939 – 946
Succeeded his half-bother Athelastan equally king at the tender age of eighteen, having already fought aslope him at the Batlle of Brunanburh two years earlier. He re-established Anglo-Saxon command over northern England, which had fallen dorsum under Scandinavian rule following the death of Athelstan. Anile just 25, and whilst celebrating the feast of Augustine, Edmund was stabbed by a robber in his regal hall at Pucklechurch nearly Bathroom. His ii sons, Eadwig and Edgar, were mayhap considered too young to get kings.

EADRED 946 – 955
The son of Edward the Elder by his third marriage to Eadgifu, Eadred succeeded his brother Edmund following his premature expiry. He followed in the family tradition of defeating Norsemen, expelling the last Scandinavian King of York, Eric Bloodaxe, in 954. A deeply religious homo, Eadred suffered a serious stomach ailment that would eventually testify fatal. Eadred died in his early 30s, single and without an heir, at Frome in Somerset. He is buried in Winchester.

EADWIG 955 – 959
The eldest son of Edmund I, Eadwig was most 16 when he was crowned king at Kingston-upon-Thames in southeast London. Legend has information technology that his coronation had to be delayed to permit Bishop Dunstan to prise Eadwig from his bed, and from betwixt the arms of his "strumpet" and the strumpets' mother. Perhaps unimpressed by the break, Eadwig had Dunstan exiled to French republic. Eadwig died in Gloucester when he was just 20, the circumstances of his death are non recorded.

EDGAR 959 – 975
The youngest son of Edmund I, Edgar had been in dispute with his brother concerning succession to the throne for some years. Following Eadwig'south mysterious decease, Edgar immediately recalled Dunstan from exile, making him Archbishop of Canterbury as well as his personal adviser. Following his carefully planned (past Dunstan) coronation in Bath in 973, Edgar marched his army to Chester, to be met by half-dozen kings of Uk. The kings, including the King of Scots, Male monarch of Strathclyde and various princes of Wales, are said to accept signalled their allegiance to Edgar by rowing him in his state barge beyond the River Dee.

EDWARD THE MARTYR 975 – 978
Eldest son of Edgar, Edward was crowned king when anile just 12. Although supported by Archbishop Dunstan, his claim to the throne was contested by supporters of his much younger half-brother Aethelred. The resulting dispute between rival factions within the church and dignity virtually led to civil war in England. Edward'due south short reign concluded when he was murdered at Corfe Castle by followers of Aethelred, after only two and half years every bit rex. The title 'martyr' was a effect of him being seen equally a victim of his stepmother's ambitions for her ain son Aethelred.

AETHELRED II THE UNREADY 978 – 1016
Aethelred was unable to organise resistance against the Danes, earning him the nickname 'unready', or 'badly advised'. He became king aged virtually 10, but fled to Normandy in 1013 when Sweyn Forkbeard, King of the Danes invaded England in an human action of revenge following the St Brice's Day massacre of England's Danish inhabitants.

Sweyn was pronounced King of England on Christmas Mean solar day 1013 and made his capital at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. He died just 5 weeks later.

Aethelred returned in 1014 after Sweyn'southward death. The remainder of Aethelred'due south reign was one of a abiding land of state of war with Sweyn's son Canute.

Pictured above: Aethelred II The Unready

EDMUND Two IRONSIDE 1016 – 1016
The son of Aethelred 2, Edmund had led the resistance to Canute'south invasion of England since 1015. Following the death of his father, he was chosen king by the good folk of London. The Witan (the male monarch's council) however elected Canute. Post-obit his defeat at the Boxing of Assandun, Edmund made a pact with Canute to divide the kingdom between them. This treaty ceded control of all of England, with the exception of Wessex, to Canute. It also stated that when one of the kings died the other would take all of England… Edmund died afterwards that year, probably assassinated.

CANUTE (CNUT THE GREAT) THE DANE 1016 – 1035
Canute became rex of all England following the death of Edmund II. The son of Sweyn Forkbeard, he ruled well and gained favour with his English subjects past sending well-nigh of his army dorsum to Denmark. In 1017, Canute married Emma of Normandy, the widow of Aethelred II and divided England into the four earldoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria and Wessex. Perhaps inspired by his pilgrimage to Rome in 1027, legend has information technology that he wanted to demonstrate to his subjects that as a male monarch he was not a god, he ordered the tide not to come in, knowing this would fail.

HAROLD I 1035 – 1040
Also known equally Harold Harefoot, in recognition of his speed and skill as a hunter. Harold was the illegitimate son of Canute; he claimed the English crown on the death of his father whilst his half-blood brother Harthacanute, the rightful heir, was in Denmark fighting to protect his Danish kingdom. Harold died three years into his reign, just weeks before Harthacanute was due to invade England with an army of Danes. He was buried in Westminster Abbey before Harthacanute had his body dug up, beheaded, and thrown into the Thames. His $.25 were later gathered and re-buried at St. Clement Danes in London.

HARTHACANUTE 1040 – 1042
The son of Cnut the Great and Emma of Normandy, Harthacanute sailed to England with his mother, accompanied past a fleet of 62 warships, and was immediately accepted as king. Perhaps to appease his mother, the year earlier he died Harthacanute invited his half-brother Edward, Emma's son from her first spousal relationship to Aethelred the Unready, back from exile in Normandy. Harthacanute died at a wedding ceremony whilst toasting the health of the bride; he was aged just 24 and was the concluding Danish king to rule England

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR 1042-1066
Post-obit the death of Harthacanute, Edward restored the rule of the House of Wessex to the English throne. A securely pious and religious man, he presided over the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey, leaving much of the running of the country to Earl Godwin and his son Harold. Edward died childless, eight days subsequently the edifice work on Westminster Abbey had finished. With no natural successor, England was faced with a ability struggle for control of the throne.

HAROLD Two 1066
Despite having no royal bloodline, Harold Godwin was elected king by the Witan (a council of high ranking nobles and religious leaders), following the death of Edward the Confessor. The ballot result failed to meet with the approval of one William, Knuckles of Normandy, who claimed that his relative Edward had promised the throne to him several years earlier. Harold defeated an invading Norwegian army at the Battle of Stamford Span in Yorkshire, then marched due south to face William of Normandy who had landed his forces in Sussex. The decease of Harold at the Battle Of Hastings meant the end of the English Anglo-Saxon kings and the first of the Normans.

NORMAN KINGS

WILLIAM I (The Conquistador) 1066- 1087
Also known equally William the Bounder (but non normally to his face!), he was the illegitimate son of Robert the Devil, whom he succeeded as Duke of Normandy in 1035. William came to England from Normandy, challenge that his 2d cousin Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne, and defeated Harold II at the Boxing of Hastings on 14th October 1066. In 1085 the Domesday Survey was begun and all of England was recorded, so William knew exactly what his new kingdom contained and how much taxation he could heighten in guild to fund his armies. William died at Rouen afterwards a fall from his horse whilst besieging the French city of Nantes. He is cached at Caen.

WILLIAM Two (Rufus) 1087-1100
William was not a pop king, given to extravagance and cruelty. He never married and was killed in the New Forest by a stray arrow whilst out hunting, peradventure accidentally, or possibly shot deliberately on the instructions of his younger brother Henry. Walter Tyrrell, 1 of the hunting party, was blamed for the human activity. The Rufus Stone in The New Forest, Hampshire, marks the spot where he fell.

HENRY I 1100-1135
Henry Beauclerc was the quaternary and youngest son of William I. Well educated, he founded a zoo at Woodstock in Oxfordshire to study animals. He was called the 'King of beasts of Justice' as he gave England good laws, even if the punishments were ferocious. His 2 sons were drowned in the White Ship and then his girl Matilda was made his successor. She was married to Geoffrey Plantagenet. When Henry died of food poisoning, the Quango considered a woman unfit to dominion and then offered the throne to Stephen, a grandson of William I.

STEPHEN 1135-1154
Stephen was a very weak king and the whole country was almost destroyed by the abiding raids by the Scots and the Welsh. During Stephen's reign the Norman barons wielded great power, extorting money and annexation town and country. A decade of civil war known as The Anarchy ensued when Matilda invaded from Anjou in 1139. A compromise was eventually decided, under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster Matilda's son Henry Plantagenet would succeed to the throne when Stephen died.

PLANTAGENET KINGS

HENRY II 1154-1189
Henry of Anjou was a stiff king. A brilliant soldier, he extended his French lands until he ruled most of France. He laid the foundation of the English Jury System and raised new taxes (scutage) from the landholders to pay for a militia force. Henry is mostly remembered for his quarrel with Thomas Becket, and Becket's subsequent murder in Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. His sons turned against him, even his favourite John.

RICHARD I (The Lionheart) 1189 – 1199
Richard was the 3rd son of Henry 2. By the age of xvi, he was leading his own army putting down rebellions in France. Although crowned Rex of England, Richard spent all but 6 months of his reign away, preferring to apply the taxes from his kingdom to fund his various armies and military ventures. He was the leading Christian commander during the Third Cause. On his style back from Palestine, Richard was captured and held for ransom. The amount paid for his condom return almost bankrupt the land. Richard died from an pointer-wound, far from the kingdom that he so rarely visited. He had no children.

JOHN 1199 -1216
John Lackland was the fourth kid of Henry 2. Short and fat, he was jealous of his dashing brother Richard I whom he succeeded. He was cruel, cocky-indulgent, selfish and acquisitive, and the raising of punitive taxes united all the elements of society, clerical and lay, against him. The Pope excommunicated him. On 15th June 1215 at Runnymede the barons compelled John to sign Magna Carta, the Great Lease, which reinstated the rights of all his subjects. John died – from dysentery – a fugitive from all his enemies. He has been termed "the worst English language king".

HENRY III 1216 -1272
Henry was nine years sometime when he became king. Brought upwardly by priests he became devoted to church, art and learning. He was a weak man, dominated past churchmen and easily influenced by his wife'southward French relations. In 1264 Henry was captured during the rebellion of barons led past Simon de Montfort and was forced to set up a 'Parliament' at Westminster, the beginning of the House of Commons. Henry was the greatest of all patrons of medieval architecture and ordered the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey in the Gothic manner.

Monarchs of England and Wales

EDWARD I 1272 – 1307
Edward Longshanks was a statesman, lawyer and soldier. He formed the Model Parliament in 1295, bringing the knights, clergy and nobility, equally well as the Lords and Commons together for the first time. Aiming at a united Britain, he defeated the Welsh chieftains and created his eldest son Prince of Wales. He was known as the 'Hammer of the Scots' for his victories in Scotland and brought the famous coronation stone from Scone to Westminster. When his kickoff wife Eleanor died, he escorted her body from Grantham in Lincolnshire to Westminster, setting upward Eleanor Crosses at every resting place. He died on the way to fight Robert Bruce.

EDWARD Ii 1307 – deposed 1327
Edward was a weak and incompetent king. He had many 'favourites', Piers Gaveston existence the most notorious. He was beaten by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Edward was deposed and held convict in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. His married woman joined her lover Mortimer in deposing him: past their orders he was murdered in Berkley Castle – as legend has it, by having a red-hot poker thrust up his anus! His beautiful tomb in Gloucester Cathedral was erected past his son, Edward III.

EDWARD 3 1327 – 1377
Son of Edward II, he reigned for fifty years. His ambition to conquer Scotland and French republic plunged England into the Hundred Years War, kickoff in 1338. The two smashing victories at Crecy and Poitiers made Edward and his son, the Black Prince, the nigh renowned warriors in Europe, nonetheless the state of war was very expensive. The outbreak of bubonic plague, the 'Black Death' in 1348-1350 killed half the population of England.

RICHARD Ii 1377 – deposed 1399
The son of the Black Prince, Richard was extravagant, unjust and faithless. In 1381 came the Peasants Revolt, led by Wat Tyler. The rebellion was put downwardly with great severity. The sudden death of his first wife Anne of Bohemia completely unbalanced Richard and his extravagance, acts of revenge and tyranny turned his subjects against him. In 1399 Henry of Lancaster returned from exile and deposed Richard, condign elected King Henry Iv. Richard was murdered, probably past starvation, in Pontefract Castle in 1400.

HOUSE OF LANCASTER

HENRY IV 1399 – 1413
The son of John of Gaunt (third son of Edward III), Henry returned from exile in France to repossess his estates previously seized by Richard Two; he was accustomed every bit king past Parliament. Henry spent most of his xiii year reign defending himself against plots, rebellions and assassination attempts. In Wales Owen Glendower declared himself Prince of Wales and led a national uprising against English rule. Dorsum in England, Henry had great difficulty in maintaining the back up of both the clergy and Parliament and between 1403-08 the Percy family launched a series of rebellions against him. Henry, the first Lancastrian rex, died exhausted, probably of leprosy, at the age of 45.

HENRY Five 1413 – 1422
The son of Henry Iv, he was a pious, stern and skilful soldier. Henry had honed his fine soldiering skills putting downwards the many rebellions launched against his begetter and had been knighted when aged just 12. He pleased his nobles by renewing the war with France in 1415. In the face of tremendous odds he beat the French at the Battle of Agincourt, losing just 400 of his own soldiers with more than than 6,000 Frenchmen killed. On a 2nd trek Henry captured Rouen, was recognised as the next King of France and married Catherine, the daughter of the lunatic French king. Henry died of dysentery whilst campaigning in French republic and before he could succeed to the French throne, leaving his 10-month former son as King of England and France.

HENRY VI 1422 – deposed 1461 Beginning of the Wars of the Roses
Gentle and retiring, he came to the throne as a baby and inherited a losing war with France, the Hundred Years War finally ending in 1453 with the loss of all French lands except for Calais. The king had an attack of mental affliction that was hereditary in his mother's family in 1454 and Richard Duke of York was made Protector of the Realm. The House of York challenged Henry VI's right to the throne and England was plunged into civil war. The Battle of St Albans in 1455 was won by the Yorkists. Henry was restored to the throne briefly in 1470. Henry's son, Edward, Prince of Wales was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury one 24-hour interval earlier Henry was murdered in the Tower of London in 1471. Henry founded both Eton College and King'south College, Cambridge, and every year the Provosts of Eton and King's College lay roses and lilies on the altar which at present stands where he died.

HOUSE OF YORK

EDWARD Four 1461- 1483
He was the son of Richard Duke of York and Cicely Neville, and not a pop king. His morals were poor (he had many mistresses and had at least one illegitimate son) and even his contemporaries disapproved of him. Edward had his rebellious brother George, Duke of Clarence, murdered in 1478 on a accuse of treason. During his reign the first press printing was established in Westminster by William Caxton. Edward died suddenly in 1483 leaving two sons aged 12 and 9, and five daughters.

EDWARD V 1483 – 1483
Edward was actually born in Westminster Abbey, where his female parent Elizabeth Woodville had sought sanctuary from the Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses. The eldest son of Edward Iv, he succeeded to the throne at the tender age of 13 and reigned for simply two months, the shortest-lived monarch in English history. He and his brother Richard were murdered in the Belfry of London – it is said on the orders of his uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester. Richard (III) declared The Princes in the Tower illegitimate and named himself rightful heir to the crown.

RICHARD 3 1483 – 1485 Stop of the Wars of the Roses
Brother of Edward Four. The ruthless extinction of all those who opposed him and the alleged murders of his nephews fabricated his rule very unpopular. In 1485 Henry Richmond, descendant of John of Gaunt, begetter of Henry 4, landed in west Wales, gathering forces as he marched into England. At the Boxing of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire he defeated and killed Richard in what was to be the last important battle in the Wars of the Roses. Archaeological investigations at a car park in Leicester during 2012 revealed a skeleton which was idea to accept been that of Richard III, and this was confirmed on the 4th February 2013. His body was re-interred at Leicester Cathedral on 22nd March 2015.

THE TUDORS

HENRY VII 1485 – 1509
When Richard 3 fell at the Battle of Bosworth, his crown was picked up and placed on the head of Henry Tudor. He married Elizabeth of York and so united the two warring houses, York and Lancaster. He was a skillful politician but avaricious. The material wealth of the country increased greatly. During Henry's reign playing cards were invented and the portrait of his wife Elizabeth has appeared eight times on every pack of cards for nearly 500 years.

Monarchs of England, Wales and Ireland

HENRY VIII 1509 – 1547
The best known fact about Henry VIII is that he had six wives! Almost school children learn the following rhyme to help them remember the fate of each married woman: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived". His showtime wife was Catherine of Aragon, his brothers widow, whom he subsequently divorced to marry Anne Boleyn. This divorce acquired the divide from Rome and Henry declared himself the head of the Church Of England. The Dissolution of the Monasteries began in 1536, and the money gained from this helped Henry to bring about an effective Navy. In an effort to have a son, Henry married four further wives, but only 1 son was built-in, to Jane Seymour. Henry had two daughters both to become rulers of England – Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, and Elizabeth, girl of Anne Boleyn.

EDWARD Half dozen 1547 – 1553
The son of Henry Viii and Jane Seymour, Edward was a sickly male child; it is thought he suffered from tuberculosis. Edward succeeded his begetter at the age of 9, the regime being carried on by a Council of Regency with his uncle, Duke of Somerset, styled Protector. Even though his reign was short, many men made their mark. Cranmer wrote the Book of Mutual Prayer and the uniformity of worship helped turn England into a Protestant State. After Edward's death at that place was a dispute over the succession. As Mary was Cosmic, Lady Jane Grey was named every bit the adjacent in line to the throne. She was proclaimed Queen but Mary entered London with her supporters and Jane was taken to the Belfry. She reigned for only 9 days. She was executed in 1554, aged 17.

MARY I (Bloody Mary) 1553 – 1558
Daughter of Henry 8 and Catherine of Aragon. A devout Cosmic, she married Philip of Espana. Mary attempted to enforce the wholesale conversion of England to Catholicism. She carried this out with the utmost severity. The Protestant bishops, Latimer, Ridley and Archbishop Cranmer were among those burnt at the pale. The identify, in Broad Street Oxford, is marked by a bronze cross. The country was plunged into a bitter blood bath, which is why she is remembered equally Bloody Mary. She died in 1558 at Lambeth Palace in London.

ELIZABETH I 1558-1603
The daughter of Henry Viii and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was a remarkable woman, noted for her learning and wisdom. From first to concluding she was popular with the people and had a genius for the selection of capable advisors. Drake, Raleigh, Hawkins, the Cecils, Essex and many many more made England respected and feared. The Castilian Armada was decisively defeated in 1588 and Raleigh's commencement Virginian colony was founded. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots marred what was a glorious time in English history. Shakespeare was also at the height of his popularity. Elizabeth never married.

British Monarchs

THE STUARTS

JAMES I and VI of Scotland 1603 -1625
James was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley. He was the get-go king to dominion over Scotland and England. James was more of a scholar than a man of action. In 1605 the Gunpowder Plot was hatched: Guy Fawkes and his Catholic friends tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament, but were captured before they could exercise so. James'southward reign saw the publication of the Authorised Version of the Bible, though this caused problems with the Puritans and their attitude towards the established church building. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for America in their transport The Mayflower.

CHARLES 1 1625 – 1649 English Civil State of war
The son of James I and Anne of Denmark, Charles believed that he ruled by Divine Correct. He encountered difficulties with Parliament from the offset, and this led to the outbreak of the English language Civil War in 1642. The war lasted iv years and following the defeat of Charles's Royalist forces by the New Model Army, led past Oliver Cromwell, Charles was captured and imprisoned. The Business firm of Commons tried Charles for treason confronting England and when found guilty he was condemned to death. His death warrant states that he was beheaded on 30th January 1649. Following this the British monarchy was abolished and a commonwealth called the Democracy of England was declared.

THE COMMONWEALTH

declared May 19th 1649

OLIVER CROMWELL, Lord Protector 1653 – 1658
Cromwell was born at Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire in 1599, the son of a minor landowner. He entered Parliament in 1629 and became active in events leading to the Civil War. A leading Puritan figure, he raised cavalry forces and organised the New Model Army, which he led to victory over the Royalists at the Battle of Naseby in 1645. Failing to gain agreement on constitutional change in authorities with Charles I, Cromwell was a member of a 'Special Commission' that tried and condemned the king to expiry in 1649. Cromwell declared United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland a commonwealth 'The Commonwealth' and he went on to become its Lord Protector.

Cromwell went on to crush the Irish gaelic clans and the Scots loyal to Charles Two between 1649 and 1651. In 1653 he finally expelled the corrupt English parliament and with the understanding of army leaders became Lord Protector (Male monarch in all but name)

RICHARD CROMWELL, Lord Protector 1658 – 1659
Richard was the 3rd son of Oliver Cromwell, he was appointed the second ruling Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, serving for just nine months. Different his male parent, Richard lacked military experience and equally such failed to gain respect or support from his New Model Army. Richard was eventually 'persuaded' to resign from his position as Lord Protector and exiled himself to France until 1680, when he returned to England.

THE RESTORATION

CHARLES II 1660 – 1685
Son of Charles I, also known as the Merry Monarch. Later on the collapse of the Protectorate following the death of Oliver Cromwell and the flight of Richard Cromwell to France, the Army and Parliament asked Charles to accept the throne. Although very pop he was a weak rex and his foreign policy was inept. He had 13 known mistresses, one of whom was Nell Gwyn. He fathered numerous illegitimate children simply no heir to the throne. The Great Plague in 1665 and the Dandy Burn of London in 1666 took place during his reign. Many new buildings were built at this fourth dimension. St. Paul'due south Cathedral was congenital by Sir Christopher Wren and too many churches still to be seen today.

JAMES II and 7 of Scotland 1685 – 1688
The second surviving son of Charles I and younger brother of Charles 2. James had been exiled post-obit the Civil War and served in both the French and Castilian Regular army. Although James converted to Catholicism in 1670, his two daughters were raised every bit Protestants. James became very unpopular considering of his persecution of the Protestant clergy and was mostly hated by the people. Following the Monmouth uprising (Monmouth was an illegitimate son of Charles II and a Protestant) and the Encarmine Assizes of Approximate Jeffries, Parliament asked the Dutch prince, William of Orange to take the throne.

William was married to Mary, James Ii's Protestant daughter. William landed in England and James fled to France where he died in exile in 1701.

WILLIAM III 1689 – 1702 and MARY 2 1689 – 1694
On the 5 November 1688, William of Orange sailed his fleet of over 450 ships, unopposed by the Majestic Navy, into Torbay harbour and landed his troops in Devon. Gathering local support, he marched his army, now 20,000 potent, on to London in The Glorious Revolution. Many of James II's army had defected to support William, as well as James'due south other girl Anne. William and Mary were to reign jointly, and William was to have the Crown for life later on Mary died in 1694. James plotted to regain the throne and in 1689 landed in Ireland. William defeated James at the Battle of the Boyne and James fled again to France, as guest of Louis XIV.

ANNE 1702 – 1714
Anne was the second girl of James II. She had 17 pregnancies just simply 1 child survived – William, who died of smallpox anile only 11. A staunch, loftier church building Protestant, Anne was 37 years former when she succeeded to the throne. Anne was a shut friend of Sarah Churchill, the Duchess of Marlborough. Sarah'due south hubby the Duke of Marlborough commanded the English language Ground forces in the State of war of Spanish Succession, winning a series of major battles with the French and gaining the country an influence never before attained in Europe. Information technology was during Anne'due south reign that the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland of Neat Uk was created by the Wedlock of England and Scotland.

Afterward Anne'southward expiry the succession went to the nearest Protestant relative of the Stuart line. This was Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth of Bohemia, James I 'due south merely daughter, only she died a few weeks earlier Anne and and so the throne passed to her son George.

THE HANOVERIANS

GEORGE I 1714 -1727
Son of Sophia and the Elector of Hanover, keen-grandson of James I. The 54 year old George arrived in England able to speak but a few words of English language with his eighteen cooks and two mistresses in tow. George never learned English, so the behave of national policy was left to the authorities of the time with Sir Robert Walpole becoming United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's first Prime Minister. In 1715 the Jacobites (followers of James Stuart, son of James Ii) attempted to supplant George, but the attempt failed. George spent piffling time in England – he preferred his beloved Hanover, although he was implicated in the South Bounding main Bubble financial scandal of 1720.

GEORGE II 1727 – 1760
But son of George I. He was more English language than his father, simply even so relied on Sir Robert Walpole to run the country. George was the terminal English king to lead his regular army into battle at Dettingen in 1743. In 1745 the Jacobites tried once more to restore a Stuart to the throne. Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie'. landed in Scotland. He was routed at Culloden Moor by the army under the Duke of Cumberland, known as 'Butcher' Cumberland. Bonnie Prince Charlie escaped to French republic with the help of Flora MacDonald, and finally died a drunk's decease in Rome.

GEORGE III 1760 – 1820
He was a grandson of George 2 and the first English-built-in and English language-speaking monarch since Queen Anne. His reign was i of elegance and the age of some of the greatest names in English literature – Jane Austen, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth. It was also the time of great statesmen like Pitt and Play a joke on and bully armed services men like Wellington and Nelson. in 1773 the 'Boston Tea Party' was the first sign of the troubles that were to come in America. The American Colonies proclaimed their independence on July quaternary 1776. George was well meaning but suffered from a mental disease due to intermittent porphyria and eventually became bullheaded and insane. His son ruled as Prince Regent after 1811 until George's death.

GEORGE Iv 1820 – 1830
Known equally the 'Beginning Gentleman of Europe'. He had a love of art and compages but his individual life was a mess, to put it mildly! He married twice, one time in 1785 to Mrs. Fitzherbert, secretly as she was a Catholic, so in 1795 to Caroline of Brunswick. Mrs. Fitzherbert remained the love of his life. Caroline and George had ane daughter, Charlotte in 1796 just she died in 1817. George was considered a bang-up wit, but was also a buffoon and his death was hailed with relief!

WILLIAM Four 1830 – 1837
Known as the 'Sailor Rex' (for x years the immature Prince William, blood brother of George IV, served in the Royal Navy), he was the third son of George 3. Before his accretion he lived with a Mrs. Jordan, an actress, by whom he had ten children. When Princess Charlotte died, he had to marry in lodge to secure the succession. He married Adelaide of Saxe-Coburg in 1818. He had two daughters but they did not alive. He hated pomp and wanted to dispense with the Coronation. The people loved him considering of his lack of pretension. During his reign Britain abolished slavery in the colonies in 1833. The Reform Deed was passed in 1832, this extended the franchise to the middle-classes on a basis of property qualifications.

VICTORIA 1837 – 1901
Victoria was the only child of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Edward Duke of Kent, 4th son of George 3. The throne Victoria inherited was weak and unpopular. Her Hanoverian uncles had been treated with blasphemy. In 1840 she married her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Albert exerted tremendous influence over the Queen and until his death was virtual ruler of the country. He was a pillar of respectability and left two legacies to the UK, the Christmas Tree and the Dandy Exhibition of 1851. With the money from the Exhibition several institutions were developed, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Science Museum, Imperial College and the Imperial Albert Hall. The Queen withdrew from public life afterwards the death of Albert in 1861 until her Golden Jubilee in 1887. Her reign saw the British Empire double in size and in 1876 the Queen became Empress of India, the 'Jewel in the Crown'. When Victoria died in 1901, the British Empire and British world power had reached their highest betoken. She had nine children, forty grand-children and 37 dandy-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe.

HOUSE OF SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA

EDWARD VII 1901 – 1910
A much loved king, the opposite of his dour father. He loved horse-racing, gambling and women! This Edwardian Historic period was one of elegance. Edward had all the social graces and many sporting interests, yachting and horse-racing – his equus caballus Minoru won the Derby in 1909. Edward married the beautiful Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 and they had half-dozen children. The eldest, Edward Knuckles of Clarence, died in 1892 just before he was to marry Princess Mary of Teck. When Edward died in 1910 information technology is said that Queen Alexandra brought his current mistress Mrs. Keppel to his bedside to take her farewell. His best known mistress was Lillie Langtry, the 'Jersey Lily'.

HOUSE OF WINDSOR

Name changed in 1917

GEORGE 5 1910 – 1936
George had non expected to be king, merely when his elder blood brother died he became the buyer. He had joined the Navy as a cadet in 1877 and loved the sea. He was a bluff, hearty human with a 'quarter-deck' way. In 1893 he married Princess Mary of Teck, his dead blood brother's fiancee. His years on the throne were difficult; the First Globe War in 1914 – 1918 and the troubles in Ireland which lead to the creation of the Irish Gratuitous State were considerable problems. In 1932 he began the royal broadcasts on Christmas Day and in 1935 he celebrated his Silver Jubilee. His latter years were overshadowed by his business organization well-nigh the Prince of Wales and his infatuation with Mrs. Simpson.

EDWARD 8 June 1936 – abdicated Dec 1936
Edward was the most popular Prince of Wales Britain has ever had. Consequently when he renounced the throne to ally Mrs. Wallis Simpson the country found it almost impossible to believe. The people equally a whole knew zip nearly Mrs. Simpson until early in December 1936. Mrs. Simpson was an American, a divorcee and had 2 husbands withal living. This was unacceptable to the Church building, as Edward had stated that he wanted her to exist crowned with him at the Coronation which was to have place the following May. Edward abdicated in favour of his brother and took the title, Duke of Windsor. He went to live abroad.

GEORGE VI 1936 – 1952
George was a shy and nervous human being with a very bad stutter, the verbal contrary of his brother the Duke of Windsor, just he had inherited the steady virtues of his male parent George Five. He was very popular and well loved by the British people. The prestige of the throne was depression when he became king, but his wife Elizabeth and his female parent Queen Mary were outstanding in their back up of him.
The 2nd World State of war started in 1939 and throughout the Rex and Queen set an instance of courage and fortitude. They remained at Buckingham Palace for the elapsing of the war in spite of the bombing. The Palace was bombed more than in one case. The two Princesses, Elizabeth and Margaret, spent the war years at Windsor Castle. George was in close affect with the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill throughout the war and both had to be dissuaded from landing with the troops in Normandy on D-Mean solar day! The post-war years of his reign were ones of bang-up social change and saw the outset of the National Health Service. The whole country flocked to the Festival of Britain held in London in 1951, 100 years subsequently the Great Exhibition during Victoria's reign.

ELIZABETH II 1952 –
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, or 'Lilibet' to close family, was born in London on 21 April 1926. Like her parents, Elizabeth was heavily involved in the war effort during the 2nd World War, serving in the women's branch of the British Army known as the Auxiliary Territorial Service, training as a driver and mechanic. Elizabeth and her sister Margaret anonymously joined the crowded streets of London on VE Mean solar day to gloat the end of the state of war. She married her cousin Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and they had 4 children: Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. When her father George Vi died, Elizabeth became Queen of vii Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka). Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 was the showtime to be televised, serving to increase popularity in the medium and doubling television licence numbers in the UK. The huge popularity of the royal wedding in 2011 betwixt the Queen's grandson, Prince William and the commoner Kate Middleton, now the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, reflected the high contour of the British Monarchy at home and abroad. 2012 was also an of import yr for the imperial family, as the nation celebrated the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, her 60th yr as Queen.

On 9th September 2015, Elizabeth became Britain'due south longest serving monarch, ruling longer than her corking-great grandmother Queen Victoria who reigned for 63 years and 216 days. Congratulations Ma'am; God Save the Queen!

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Source: https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/KingsQueensofBritain/